Enfield Publishing and Distribution, United States of America, p 149, White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Morphological characteristics of the Cephaleuros spp. The partial 18S rDNA gene region then was bidirectionally sequenced at the Scientific Equipment Center Prince of Songkla Unversity, Songkhla, Thailand. Site Feedback @2020 Plant Pathology Department University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Cephaleuros spp. The spots are initially circular, slightly elevated and later coanesce to form irregular spots. causal agent of algal leaf spot of camellia, southern magnolia, and other shrubs although southern magnolia and camellia are the most common hosts. To summarize the main results, the plant parasite causing algal leaf spot was identified as Cephaleuros virescens, and in sequencing-based phylogenetic analysis the Cephaleuros PSU-R5.1 isolate from rambutan grouped with the algae in genus Cephaleuros. Hendersonia rot Hendersonia creberrima. The edges of the spots may be wavy or feathered. A PCR product band about 700 bases was observed from Cephaleuros sample. However, in summer when the alga is reproducing, the spots take on a velvety, red-brown appearanc… Algal leaf spot is sometimes called green scurf because the spots may have a crusty, fuzzy or flaky appearance. Phycologia 48(4):213–236, Suto Y, Ganesan EK, West JA (2014) Comparative observation on Cephaleuros parasiticus and C. virescens (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from India. The algae caused circular orange to dark brown lesions on both leaf surfaces. Macrophoma sp. Macrophoma rot Macrophoma mangiferae ... 9.2 Causal organism This leaf spot is caused by Pestalotia jodhpurensis. Green algae in the genus Cephaleuros are known to be parasitic on several woody plants. Mol Biol Evol 13:903–917, Jayasinghe CK (2001) Check list of rubber pathogens in Sri Lanka. Bacterial leaf spot Burkholderia andropogonis (Smith) Gillis et al. The morphology of the algae (thallus, filamentous cells, sporangiophore, sporangia, gametangia and zoospore) were examined and found to consistently match the species Cephaleuros virescens. Algal leaf spot is sometimes called green scurf because the spots may have a crusty, fuzzy or flaky appearance. Bryopsis plumose represents the lack of similarity outside this group. multiplex Schaad et al. © Barmac Pty Ltd 2021, a division of Amgrow Pty Ltd, Website design and development by 4mation Technologies. Cite this article. volume 10, Article number: 4 (2015) The causal organism is a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as cotoneasters, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons, and viburnums. 1990) primer pair. This confirms C. virescens as a causal organism of algal leaf spot disease on rambutan in southern Thailand. 6318, 1–95 p, Chapman RL, Henk CH (1985) Observations on the habitat, morphology and ultrastructure of Cephaleuros parasticus (chlorophyta) and a comparison with C. virescens. This nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank with accession number (AB984776) and compared to known Cephaleuros and other algal genus on the NCBI (the National Center for Biotechnology Information) databases. Leaf Algal leaf spot is characterized by grayish, green, brown or orange cushion-like blotches on the leaf surface. Leaf tissues with algal thalii were then cross-sectioned and the sporangiophore, sporangia, gamete and zoospore observed. Wilt is the most important disease of guava. 2014). Bacterial causal agent: Pseudomonas syringae pv. Algal leaf spot is a foliar disease most commonly seen in warm humid climates or in greenhouses. The spots are generally 1/2 inch or less in diameter although they may coalesce to form larger colonies. The authors would like to thank the Center of Excellence in Agricultural and Natural Resources Biotechnology (ANRB-CoE), Faculty of Natural Resources and Prince of Songkla University for funding and facilities. On leaves of camellia and southern magnolia, the lichen Strigula appears as numerous small gray-white crusty spots (figure 4), which later turn yellow and are shed. They vary in color from a crusty gray-green to greenish brown. Besides this, fruit and post harvest diseases are also important which causes serious loss. Leaf tissue may die beneath the spots and the leaves may yellow and drop prematurely. The PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Fifteen specimens of algal leaf spot from Para rubber leaves were collected from Songkhla, Trang and Phattalung provinces, southern Thailand. The disease results in poor guava growth and yield by causing lesions and dark spots on flowers, fruits, leaves, and stems. Pitaloka, M.K., Petcharat, V., Arikit, S. et al. Leaf blight Bipolaris hawaiiensis. The disease is called algal leaf spot, algal fruit spot, and green scurf; Cephaleuros infections on tea and coffee plants have been called “red rust.” These are aerophilic, filamentous green algae. PubMed Google Scholar. Academic, San Diego, pp 315–322. Dept of Horticultural Science | 2721 Founders Drive | Raleigh, NC 27695 | Phone: (919) 515-1240 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-015-0158-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-015-0158-1, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in An initial denaturation step for 3 min at 95 °C was followed by 35 cycles of denaturation for 30 s at 95 °C, annealing for 30 s at 50 °C, and extension for 1 min at 72 °C, with a final extension step of 10 min at 72 °C. produce a thallus on the leaf surface, with filaments bearing sporangiophores and sporangea (Thompson and Wujek 1997). A 94 % sequence identity confirmed it to be a member of the Cephaleuros group. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as litchi, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. ALGAL DISEASE Algal stem blotch Cephaleuros virescens Kunze ex Fries BACTERIAL DISEASES Bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae van Hall Bacterial leaf scorch Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. IV. In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). an important fruit of subtropical countries is affected by about 177 pathogens of which, 167 are fungal, 3 bacterial, 3 algal, 3 nematodes and one epiphyte. Based on the symptoms observed and microscopic morphological studies, the recovered pathogen was identified as Cephaleuros virescens . causing disease in Thailand. The pathogens have a thallus, which appears as an orange spot on an infected guava plant. Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. Furthermore, C. virescens has been documented to cause algal leaf spot on rubber plants on the east coast of Sumatra (La Rue 1923). Groups of Plant Pathogens – Algae (contd…) Neighbor joining tree showing the genetic relationships of Thai Cephaleuros (PSU-PR01) was in the same clade with Cephaleuros genus, while well separated from the other genus (Fig. View. The PCR performed in 50 μl reaction volume containing 10 pmol of each primer, 2x DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (Thermo Scientific), and 50 ng of template DNA. Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as cotoneasters, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. Anthracnose is a general word used to describe different varieties of diseases that cause damaging effects on vegetables, fruits, and trees. on Para rubber were compared to descriptions described in the monograph by Thompson and Wujek (1997). The authors gratefully acknowledge the copy-editing service of Research and Development Office of PSU, and the helpful comments by Dr. Alan Geater, we appreciate it. predominantly occur in tropical and subtropical regions. Algal Leaf Spot Algal leaf spot occurs on a wide range of tropical fruit species. Cephaleuros spp. The Causal Organism of Algal Leaf Spot Algal leaf spot is caused by green algae called Cephaleurus viresceus Kunze. The purpose of our study was to identify and characterize Cephaleuros species present on Para rubber in Thailand. It has been previously reported that algal leaf spot disease on rubber plants in Sri Lanka is caused by Cephaleuros parasiticus (Karst) (Munasinghe 1961; Jayasinghe 2001). Some Soil Algae from Enhanted Rock and Related Algal Species. Signs of the disease are often found on the leaf surface in the form of burnt-orange to brown spots (Nelson 2008). Australasian Plant Dis. Verticillium lecanii. Like other plants, Para rubber is attacked by several pathogens and one of the most frequently found is a leaf spot caused by a phytoparasitic algae. The symptoms on leaf tissues were then photographed. Growth of the algae is mostly superficial and appears as raised blotches or patches ranging in inch on leaves.Leaf spots appear initially as a grayish green,brown or orange­like color Spots develop a velvety, cushion­like appearance on the plant surface as a result of the algal colony. Although aerophilic and ter-restrial, they require a film of water to complete their life cycles. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Leaf spot Curvularia lunata Leptosphaeria sp. Para rubber trees need long periods of high rainfall to produce a high yield of latex and are therefore cultivated in southern Thailand where suitable weather occurs. Algae 29(2):121–126, Thompson RH, Wujek DE (1997) Trentepohlliales Cephaleuros, Phycopeltis and Stomatochroon, morphology, taxonomy and ecology, 1st edn. Like other plants, Para rubber is attacked by several pathogens and one of the most frequently found is a leaf spot caused by a phytoparasitic algae. Furthermore, C. virescens has been documented to cause algal leaf spot on … The genus Cephaleuros is a member of the In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). Cephaleuros virescens, the cause of an algal leaf spot on Para rubber in Thailand. Notes 10, 4 (2015). A portion of 18S rDNA was amplified by PNS1 (Hibbet 1996) and NS8 (White et al. The disease does not cause severe economic loss. But, before we dive in, here is brief guide about this disease of guava: Algal leaf spot as the name implies is a disease that affects the growth of guava by reducing the … The length and width of sporangiophores and sporangia were 237.62 - 4645.85 × 15.5 μm and 20.6 - 41.32 × 20.6 μm, respectively. The structure of the algal thallus is made up of subcuticular expense of cells on which erect, bristle-like branches arise. University of Texas Publication. The vegetative and reproductive structures of the causal agent of the disease were visualized in optic microscope (40×), being observed mycelia, composed for zoosporangiophores and characteristic zoosporangia of the algal, checking with the description and illustrations of literature, told for C. virescens Kunze. Paper from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, 69–71, Munasinghe HL (1961) Algal spot of Hevea leaves in Ceylon. National Science Foundation, Colombo, 47 p, La Rue CD (1923) Two unreport parasite of Hevea brasiliensis. syringae; P. cichorii. 1, and comparison in Table 1, 15 alga samples were identified as Cephaleuros virescens. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols, a guide to methods and applications. subsp. Show abstract. In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis).The algae caused circular orange to dark brown lesions on both leaf surfaces. Khon Khaen Agric J 42(suppl3):644–648, Suto Y, Ohtani S (2009) Morphology and taxonomy of five Cephaleuros species (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Japan, including three new species. The spots may be circular or blotchy in shape, and are generally somewhat raised from the plant surface. is a large- sized, evergreen tree belonging to … It is commonly cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical areas and is an economically important source of natural latex rubber. Susceptibility to the disease is greatest when environmental conditions such as poor soil, overcrowding and weed pressure are present. Specimens of algae have also been deposited at the Culture Collection of the Pest Management Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, for further studies. Gray leaf spot Pestalotiopsis mangiferae = Pestalotia mangiferae. Plant Dis- PD-43, Pitaloka MK, Petcharat V, Sunpapao A (2014) Cephaleuros solutus Karsten, as a causal agent of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) algal leaf spot disease in Thailand. Phaeosphaerella mangiferae Phoma sorghina Pseudocercospora mali Pseudocercospora subsessilis Septoria sp. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as cotoneasters, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. Green algae in the genus Cephaleuros are known to be parasitic on several woody plants. Leaf tissues are colonized beneath the epidermis by algal filaments, but host cells are not penetrated (Chapman and Henk 1985). Abstract Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-015-0158-1. Algal leaf spot is most visible when it affects leaves, but it also regularly affects twigs and branches and sometimes fruit. The associated algae were identified as Cephaleuros parasiticus by morphological examination and DNA sequence analysis. Anurag Sunpapao. Cephaleuros is a parasitic Green Algae, living under leaf cuticle, causing Red Rust disease in Tea, & Mango; Algal leaf spot on Magnolia (Green Scurf) Structure of Cephaleuros Colony of Cephaleuros on Tea Groups of Plant Pathogens - Algae 19. This is the first report of algal leaf disease on M. indica in Cameroon. ALGAL LEAF SPOT. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as litchi, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. Australasian Plant Disease Notes During September 2015, we observed orange to dark-brown algal leaf spots on leaves of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (sapodilla, lamoot) in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Bootstrap values are shown on the branches and the GenBank accession number are shown in parentheses. Key words: Green algae, leaf spot, morphology, Nephelium lappaceum, rRNA INTRODUCTION Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) The nucleotide sequence analysis of the Cephaleuros 18S rRNA using BLAST search revealed that our partial sequence was 707 bases long. a) Leaf spot on Hevea braziliensis leaf, b) lesion caused by Cephaleuros on upper leaf, c) lesion on lower leaf surface, d) young thallus on upper leaf surface with sporangiophores, e) thallus with gametangia (G) and setae (Se), f) pseudoparenchymatous thalli of C. virescens, g) sporangiophores (SP) with the head cell (HC) and suffultory cell (SC) bearing sporangia (S) on the top, h) transverse section of leaf tissue show subcuticular and subepidermal growth of the thallus, cuticle (cu), epidermis (ep), palisade cells (ps) and i) gametes, Phylogenetic analysis of Thai Cephaleuros (C. virescens PSU-PR01) and other green alga (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) based on 18S rDNA sequences. Algal leaf spot is sometimes called green scurf because the spots may have a crusty, fuzzy or flaky appearance. 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Our partial sequence algal leaf spot causal organism 707 bases long portion of 18S rDNA was by... Is made up of subcuticular expense of cells on which erect, bristle-like branches arise diseased and... The upper surface of the spots may have a thallus on the observed... Virescens as a causal organism of algal leaf spot is a foliar disease most commonly seen in humid... Causal organism of a leaf spot is characterized by grayish, green, brown or orange cushion-like on.